Introduction to acute leukemia

Brief introduction: Acute leukemia: acute onset, bone marrow and peripheral blood are mainly primordial cells. If not treated, patients often die within six months. According to the type of leukemia cells, it is clinically divided into acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), each of which has several types. At present, the common classifications at home and abroad are as follows: 1ANLL is divided into 7 types, namely granulocyte leukemia undifferentiated (M1), granulocyte leukemia partial differentiation (M2), promyelocytic (M3), granulocyte-monocyte Type (M4), monocyte type (M5), erythroleukemia (M6), megakaryocyte type (M7); 2ALL is divided into L1, L2 and L3 types. In recent years, it is divided into T and B according to the immunological characteristics of cells. , pre-B, normal and undifferentiated. Cause: The exact cause of human leukemia is still unknown. Many factors are thought to be related to the development of leukemia. The virus may be the main factor, in addition to ionizing radiation, chemical poisons or drugs, genetic factors. 1. The viral etiology of viral human leukemia has been studied for decades, but so far only adult T-cell leukemia has been caused by viruses. Other types of leukemia have not been able to confirm their viral factors and are not contagious. 2. Ionizing radiation ionizing radiation has leukemia-like effects, and its effect is related to the size of the radiation dose and the irradiation site. A large dose or multiple doses of radiation may cause leukemia. 3. The chemical substance benzene induced leukemia is relatively positive. Benzene-induced acute leukemia lives in acute granules and erythroleukemia. 4. Genetic factors The incidence of certain leukemias is related to genetic factors. Acute leukemia is clinically divided into acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Symptoms: [clinical manifestations] 1. Onset of leukemia is rapid or slow, children and adolescents More illnesses. Common first symptoms include fever, progressive anemia, significant bleeding tendency, or bone and joint pain. The patients with slow onset are mostly elderly and some young patients, and their condition is gradually progressing. Most of these patients have progressive fatigue, weakness, pale face, shortness of breath after fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss or fever of unknown origin are the first symptoms. In addition, a small number of patients may have convulsions, blindness, toothache, swelling of the gums, pericardial effusion, and paraplegia of both lower extremities as the first symptom onset. 2. Fever and infection A. Fever is one of the most common symptoms of leukemia, which can occur at different stages of re-disease and have varying degrees of fever and heat. The main cause of fever is infection, among which angina, stomatitis and perianal inflammation are the most common, pneumonia, tonsillitis, gingivitis, perianal abscess are also common. Ear inflammation, enteritis, phlegm, pyelonephritis, etc. can also be seen, severe infection can also occur sepsis, sepsis and so on. B. Infected pathogens are more common in bacteria, and in the early stage of the disease, Gram-positive cocci are the main. Although viral infections are rare but often more dangerous, cytomegalovirus, measles or varicella virus infections may be complicated by pneumonia. 3. Hemorrhagic hemorrhage is also a common symptom of leukemia. The bleeding site can be spread throughout the body. Skin, gums and nasal bleeding are the most common. There may also be retinal, intra-earal hemorrhage and visceral hemorrhage such as intracranial, digestive tract and respiratory tract. Women's menorrhagia is also more common and may be the first symptom. AML M3 and M5 subtypes are more severely bleeding, especially in patients with M3 who are prone to concurrent disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and intracranial hemorrhage. 4. Anemia can occur early, and in a few cases, refractory anemia can occur several months or years before diagnosis, and later develop into leukemia. Patients are often accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, pale complexion, palpitations, shortness of breath, and swelling of the lower extremities. Anemia can be seen in all types of leukemia, but more common in elderly AML patients, many patients often with anemia as the first symptom. 5. Leukemia cell infiltration signs A. Liver, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy B. Nervous system: The main lesions are hemorrhage and leukemia infiltration C. Bone and joint: Bone and joint pain is one of the important symptoms of leukemia, ALL is more common . D. skin; there may be two types of specific and non-specific skin lesions, the former manifested as maculopapular rash, pustules, masses, nodules, erythroderma, exfoliative dermatitis, etc., more common in adult monocytic leukemia, the latter More manifestations of skin ecchymosis, spots and so on. E. Oral: Gingival swelling, hemorrhage, leukemia infiltration is more common in AML-M5. In severe cases, the entire gum can be extremely hyperplasia, swelling such as sponge-like, surface ulceration and bleeding. F. Heart: Most manifestations are myocardial leukemia infiltration, hemorrhage and epicardial hemorrhage, pericardial effusion. G. Kidney: Up to 40% of leukemia patients with kidney disease. H. Gastrointestinal system: manifested as nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, bloating, diarrhea, etc. I. Lung and pleura: mainly infiltrating the alveolar wall and lung space, but also infiltrating the bronchus, pleura, blood vessel wall and so on. J. Others: The uterus, ovaries, testes, prostate, etc. can all be infiltrated by white blood cells. Female patients often have vaginal bleeding and menstrual cycle disorders. Male patients may have decreased libido. [Diagnostic criteria] 1. Clinical symptoms Read more...